Glossário
O vocabulário de dados cripto, inteligência e compliance por trás da API — explicado sem o jargão.
KYT (Conheça-sua-Transação)
Know-Your-Transaction (KYT) é a prática de triar transferências de criptomoedas individuais em tempo real para avaliar seu risco, ao contrário do KYC que verifica a identidade de um cliente.
AML cripto (prevenção à lavagem)
A prevenção à lavagem de dinheiro (AML) em cripto é o conjunto de controles que uma empresa usa para detectar, prevenir e reportar tentativas de lavar fundos ilícitos por meio de transações blockchain.
Travel Rule (Regra de Viagem)
A Travel Rule é uma exigência de AML (da Recomendação 16 do GAFI) que obriga Provedores de Serviços de Ativos Virtuais a transmitir informações do originador e do beneficiário junto às transferências cripto acima de um limite definido.
Triagem de sanções
A triagem de sanções é o processo de conferir um endereço cripto ou contraparte contra listas governamentais de sanções —como a OFAC SDN— para garantir que uma empresa não transacione com partes proibidas.
Pontuação de risco de endereço
Uma pontuação de risco de endereço é uma avaliação numérica da probabilidade de um endereço cripto estar associado a atividade ilícita, derivada de sua exposição direta e indireta a entidades de risco conhecidas.
Rastreamento de fluxo de fundos
O rastreamento de fluxo de fundos é a prática de seguir o valor de criptomoedas por múltiplas transações e endereços (saltos) para determinar de onde os fundos vieram ou para onde estão indo.
Clustering de endereços
O clustering de endereços é a técnica de agrupar múltiplos endereços blockchain provavelmente controlados pela mesma entidade real, para analisar por entidade em vez de por endereço.
Grafo de contrapartes
Um grafo de contrapartes é uma representação em rede de como endereços ou entidades blockchain transacionam entre si, com nós para endereços/entidades e arestas para transferências.
Smart money
Smart money é um rótulo para carteiras blockchain com histórico comprovado de atividade on-chain lucrativa, antecipada ou informada, cujo comportamento é tratado como sinal.
Nó de arquivo (archive node)
Um nó de arquivo é um nó blockchain que mantém o estado histórico completo da cadeia, permitindo consultar saldos de contas e armazenamento de contratos em qualquer altura de bloco passada.
Nó RPC
Um nó RPC é um nó blockchain que expõe uma API JSON-RPC, permitindo que aplicações consultem dados da cadeia e enviem transações sem operar a própria infraestrutura de nós.
Transação decodificada
Uma transação decodificada é uma transação blockchain cujos dados de entrada e logs de eventos brutos foram traduzidos em campos estruturados e legíveis usando o ABI do contrato relevante.
OHLCV
OHLCV significa Open, High, Low, Close e Volume —os cinco valores que definem um candle de preço de um ativo em um dado intervalo de tempo.
Mixer (tumbler)
Um mixer cripto, ou tumbler, é um serviço que agrupa e redistribui criptomoedas de muitos usuários para ocultar o vínculo entre a origem e o destino dos fundos.
VASP
A VASP is a business that exchanges, transfers, safekeeps, or issues virtual assets on behalf of customers and is therefore subject to AML/CFT regulation.
FATF
The Financial Action Task Force (FATF) is the intergovernmental body that sets international AML/CFT standards, including the recommendations applied to virtual assets.
OFAC Sanctions
OFAC sanctions are prohibitions administered by the U.S. Office of Foreign Assets Control that forbid transactions with designated persons, entities, jurisdictions, and specific crypto addresses.
SDN List
The Specially Designated Nationals (SDN) list is OFAC's register of individuals, entities, and crypto addresses whose assets are blocked and with whom U.S. persons may not transact.
Peel Chain
A peel chain is a sequence of transactions in which a small portion of funds is repeatedly split off from a larger amount to gradually move and obscure value across many addresses.
Layering
Layering is the second stage of money laundering, in which illicit funds are moved through complex chains of transactions to obscure their origin.
Structuring
Structuring is the deliberate breaking of a large transaction into multiple smaller ones to evade reporting thresholds and detection.
Placement, Layering, Integration
Placement, layering, and integration are the three stages of money laundering, covering how illicit funds enter the system, are obscured, and are ultimately reintroduced as apparently legitimate value.
Suspicious Activity Report
A Suspicious Activity Report (SAR) is a report a regulated institution files with its financial intelligence unit when it identifies a transaction that may indicate money laundering or other financial crime.
CFT
Countering the Financing of Terrorism (CFT) is the framework of measures designed to detect, disrupt, and prevent the funding of terrorist activity.
Red Flag Indicator
A red flag indicator is a specific, observable characteristic of a transaction, address, or customer that suggests possible money laundering or other financial crime and warrants further scrutiny.
Source of Funds
Source of funds is the origin of the particular assets a customer is transacting with, as distinct from the customer's overall source of wealth.
Transaction Monitoring
Transaction monitoring is the continuous, rule- and risk-based screening of transactions to identify activity that is unusual, suspicious, or inconsistent with a customer's expected behaviour.
Risk-Based Approach
A risk-based approach is an AML principle in which the intensity of due diligence and monitoring is calibrated to the assessed level of money-laundering risk.
PEP
A Politically Exposed Person (PEP) is an individual entrusted with a prominent public function whose position carries a heightened risk of involvement in bribery or corruption.
KYC
Know Your Customer (KYC) is the process of identifying and verifying a customer's identity and evaluating their risk profile as part of AML compliance.
KYB
Know Your Business (KYB) is the process of verifying the identity, legitimacy, ownership structure, and beneficial owners of a business customer for AML purposes.
CDD
Customer Due Diligence (CDD) is the standard process of identifying a customer, verifying their identity, and assessing the nature and risk of the intended relationship.
EDD
Enhanced Due Diligence (EDD) is the intensified diligence applied to higher-risk customers, transactions, or jurisdictions, requiring additional verification and scrutiny beyond standard CDD.
MiCA
The Markets in Crypto-Assets Regulation (MiCA) is the European Union framework that establishes uniform authorisation, conduct, and compliance rules for crypto-asset service providers.
FinCEN
The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) is the U.S. Treasury bureau that administers the Bank Secrecy Act, sets AML rules, and receives suspicious-activity and currency-transaction reports.
Blocklist Address
A blocklist address is a crypto wallet identified as prohibited or high-risk, for example a sanctioned, stolen-funds, or known-criminal address, that a firm blocks from transacting.
Illicit Exposure
Illicit exposure is the degree to which an address's funds originate from or connect to sources linked to criminal activity, whether directly or through intermediary hops.
Crypto Compliance API
A crypto compliance API is a programmatic interface that exposes AML and sanctions controls, such as address risk-scoring, transaction screening, and fund-flow tracing, as callable endpoints.
Blockchain Analytics
Blockchain analytics is the practice of parsing public ledger data into structured intelligence about addresses, entities, and the flow of funds between them.
Entity Attribution
Entity attribution is the assignment of a blockchain address or cluster to the real-world actor that controls it, such as a named exchange, service, or wallet owner.
Clustering Heuristic
A clustering heuristic is a behavioral rule used to infer that several distinct addresses are controlled by a single entity.
Common-Input Ownership
Common-input ownership is the clustering heuristic that treats every input address in a single transaction as belonging to the same controlling entity.
Change-Address Detection
Change-address detection is the heuristic that identifies which output of a transaction returns unspent value to the sender rather than paying a counterparty.
Taint Analysis
Taint analysis quantifies the proportion of funds in an address that originate from a given source by propagating that source's share through the transaction graph.
Dusting Attack
A dusting attack sends trivially small amounts of cryptocurrency to many addresses in the hope that recipients later co-spend the dust, exposing links between their addresses.
Address Poisoning
Address poisoning is a scam that plants a lookalike address in a victim's history so a future copy-paste sends funds to the attacker instead of the intended recipient.
Wallet Fingerprinting
Wallet fingerprinting identifies the software or service that built a transaction from characteristic construction choices such as input ordering, nonce handling, and fee estimation.
On-Chain Label
An on-chain label is a descriptive tag attached to an address, cluster, or contract that names the entity or category it belongs to.
Darknet Market
A darknet market is a hidden-service online marketplace for illicit goods that settles payments in cryptocurrency through escrow-controlled addresses.
Ransomware Tracing
Ransomware tracing is the fund-flow investigation of an extortion payment from the victim's transfer to the point where the operator cashes out.
Chain Hopping
Chain hopping is the laundering technique of moving value across multiple blockchains to obscure a single continuous fund-flow trail.
Cross-Chain Tracing
Cross-chain tracing is the reconstruction of a continuous fund flow that spans multiple blockchains by correlating outflows on one chain with inflows on another.
Bridge Tracing
Bridge tracing is the correlation of a deposit into a cross-chain bridge on one network with the corresponding release of value on another network.
Nested Exchange
A nested exchange is a service that operates using accounts and liquidity hosted within a larger exchange, often with weaker customer due diligence.
Money Mule
A money mule is an account or address that receives illicit funds and quickly forwards them onward to help disguise the origin of the money.
Whale Wallet
A whale wallet is an address or cluster holding a balance large enough that its transactions can materially affect an asset's price.
Smart Contract Forensics
Smart contract forensics is the analysis of a contract's decoded internal calls, events, and state changes to reconstruct how it handled and routed funds.
Transaction Graph
A transaction graph is a model of blockchain activity in which addresses or entities are nodes and value transfers between them are directed edges.
Attribution Confidence
Attribution confidence is a measure of how reliable a given entity attribution or cluster assignment is, based on the strength of the evidence behind it.
Exposure Breakdown
An exposure breakdown is a categorized summary of how much of an address's funds trace to each type of entity, separating direct and indirect exposure.
JSON-RPC
JSON-RPC is a stateless remote-procedure-call protocol that encodes a method name, parameters and an id as a JSON envelope, which a blockchain node answers with a matching result or error.
Full node
A full node is a blockchain client that downloads and verifies every block and transaction against consensus rules, maintaining current state so it can serve and validate queries without trusting a third party.
Light client
A light client is a blockchain client that syncs only block headers and fetches specific data with cryptographic proofs from full nodes, avoiding the cost of downloading and validating the entire chain.
Mempool
The mempool is the in-memory set of valid, signed transactions a node has received but that have not yet been included in a block.
Chain reorg
A chain reorganization (reorg) is the event where a node abandons its current chain tip in favour of a competing branch with more accumulated work or weight, reverting the blocks that were replaced.
Block finality
Block finality is the guarantee that a block and its transactions are permanent and cannot be reverted, reached either probabilistically through confirmations or deterministically through a consensus checkpoint.
State trie
The state trie is a Merkle-Patricia tree that encodes the full account and contract state of an EVM chain, whose root hash is committed in every block header.
Event log
An event log is a structured entry a smart contract writes during a transaction, consisting of indexed topics and unindexed data, stored in the transaction receipt for off-chain consumers to read.
Log topic
A log topic is one of up to four indexed 32-byte values attached to an event log, where topic0 is the keccak hash of the event signature and the rest are indexed arguments.
ABI
An Application Binary Interface (ABI) is a JSON description of a smart contract's functions and events, specifying their names, argument types and encoding so clients can construct calls and interpret results.
Trace API
The trace API is a set of node methods that replay a transaction and return its internal call tree, including contract-to-contract calls, value transfers and state changes not visible in the receipt.
eth_getLogs
eth_getLogs is a JSON-RPC method that returns all event logs within a given block range that match a filter on contract address and topics.
WebSocket subscription
A WebSocket subscription is a long-lived connection to a node through which the client subscribes to a stream — new heads, pending transactions or logs — and receives events pushed as they happen.
Webhook
A webhook is a user-registered HTTP endpoint that a service calls with a payload whenever a subscribed event occurs, pushing data to you instead of requiring you to poll.
Rate limit
A rate limit is a cap on the number of requests a client may issue within a time window, enforced by a provider to protect shared infrastructure from overload.
Node provider
A node provider is a service that operates blockchain nodes on your behalf and exposes them through managed RPC endpoints, removing the need to run and maintain your own infrastructure.
Indexer
An indexer is a system that reads blocks and transactions from a node, transforms them into structured records, and stores them so applications can query on-chain data by entity rather than by raw RPC call.
Block explorer
A block explorer is a searchable web application that presents blockchain data such as blocks, transactions, addresses and token transfers in a human-readable form, backed by an indexer over node data.
RPC endpoint
An RPC endpoint is the network address, typically an HTTPS or WebSocket URL, to which a client sends JSON-RPC requests to communicate with a blockchain node.
Batch request
A batch request is a single JSON-RPC message containing an array of call objects, which the node answers with an array of results, letting a client send many methods in one round-trip.
Pruned node
A pruned node is a full node that has validated the chain but deleted older block bodies and historical state to reduce storage, retaining only recent data.
Block height
Block height is the sequential number of a block measured as its distance from the genesis block, giving each block a position in the chain's history.
Transaction receipt
A transaction receipt is the record a node produces once a transaction is included in a block, capturing its status, gas used, contract address if any, and the logs it emitted.
Decoded log
A decoded log is an event log that has been interpreted against the emitting contract's ABI, turning its raw topics and data bytes into named parameters with their proper types.
EVM
The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is the deterministic, stack-based runtime that executes contract bytecode and computes state transitions on Ethereum and compatible chains.
Gas Fee
A gas fee is the total cost of a transaction, equal to the units of gas consumed by execution multiplied by the price paid per unit of gas.
Gas Limit
A gas limit is the ceiling a sender sets on how many gas units a transaction may consume before it is forced to revert.
Nonce
A nonce is a sequential counter tied to a sender's account that fixes the order of its transactions and prevents any transaction from being replayed.
EIP-1559
EIP-1559 is the fee-market change that splits transaction fees into a protocol-set base fee that is burned and a priority tip paid to the validator.
Calldata
Calldata is the immutable input data attached to a transaction that encodes which contract function to call and the ABI-encoded arguments it receives.
ERC-20
ERC-20 is the token standard that defines a common interface for fungible tokens on EVM chains, including balance, transfer, and approval methods and events.
ERC-721
ERC-721 is the non-fungible token standard on EVM chains where every token has a unique ID and distinct, individually tracked ownership.
ERC-1155
ERC-1155 is a multi-token standard where a single contract can define many token types, both fungible and non-fungible, with batched transfers.
Smart Contract
A smart contract is program code stored at an address on a blockchain that executes deterministically when invoked and maintains its own persistent state.
UTXO
A UTXO is an unspent transaction output: a discrete amount of coin locked by a script that a later transaction consumes as an input to spend it.
SegWit
SegWit (Segregated Witness) is a Bitcoin upgrade that separates signature data from transaction inputs, fixing malleability and raising effective capacity.
Bitcoin Script
Bitcoin Script is a stack-based, intentionally limited scripting language that encodes the conditions under which a transaction output may be spent.
xpub
An xpub is an extended public key from which a hierarchical deterministic wallet derives an unlimited sequence of child addresses without any private key.
RBF
Replace-by-fee (RBF) is a Bitcoin policy that lets a sender broadcast a higher-fee version of an unconfirmed transaction to replace the stuck original.
Taproot
Taproot is a Bitcoin soft fork that adds Schnorr signatures and script trees so complex spending conditions appear onchain as ordinary single-key spends.
TRON Energy
Energy is a TRON network resource, consumed when executing smart contract operations, that users get by staking TRX or by burning TRX to cover the shortfall.
TRON Bandwidth
Bandwidth is a TRON resource, consumed in proportion to a transaction's byte size, covered by a free daily allowance or by staking TRX.
TRC-20
TRC-20 is TRON's fungible token standard, closely mirroring the ERC-20 interface, whose transfers consume Energy and Bandwidth rather than EVM gas.
TON Jetton
A Jetton is the fungible token standard on TON, realized as a master contract plus a separate wallet contract holding each owner's balance.
Gas Station Network
The Gas Station Network (GSN) is a relayer infrastructure that lets a third party pay gas on a user's behalf through meta-transactions on EVM chains.
Wei and Gwei
Wei is the smallest indivisible unit of ether, and gwei is one billion wei, the unit conventionally used to quote gas prices.
Block Confirmation
A block confirmation is each additional block appended after the block that includes a transaction, deepening it and reducing the chance it is reversed.
Address Derivation
Address derivation is the deterministic process of producing blockchain addresses from a public or extended key following a chain's encoding rules.
Token approval
A token approval is a transaction that grants a smart contract permission to transfer a specified amount of an ERC-20 token out of the approving wallet.
Token allowance
A token allowance is the standing spendable balance a wallet has authorized a specific smart contract to transfer via a prior token approval.
Wallet net worth
Wallet net worth is the aggregate market value of every asset an address holds, derived by valuing its on-chain balances against current prices.
Transaction simulation
Transaction simulation is the execution of a proposed transaction against a node's current state to preview its outcome without submitting it to the network.
Non-custodial wallet
A non-custodial wallet is a wallet whose private keys are controlled solely by the user, meaning no external party can spend the funds it holds.
Custodial wallet
A custodial wallet is a wallet whose private keys are held and operated by a service provider rather than the end user.
MPC wallet
An MPC wallet uses multi-party computation to distribute key shares across parties that co-sign transactions without any one of them ever holding the complete private key.
Multisig
A multisig wallet is an on-chain arrangement requiring a minimum number of distinct signatures from a defined set of keys to authorize a transaction.
Gas sponsorship
Gas sponsorship is an arrangement in which a paymaster or sponsor covers the network fee of a user's transaction instead of the user paying it themselves.
Account abstraction
Account abstraction is a model in which a user's account is a programmable smart contract rather than a key-controlled externally owned account.
Payment invoice
A crypto payment invoice is a request for payment that specifies an amount, asset and receiving address and is tracked on-chain until it is fulfilled.
Crypto settlement
Crypto settlement is the finalization of a payment, at which the on-chain transfer is confirmed irreversible and the value is credited to the recipient.
Mass payout
A mass payout is a single batched operation that disburses crypto to many recipient addresses at once.
Payment confirmation
A payment confirmation is each block mined on top of the one containing a transaction, deepening the assurance that the transfer will not be reversed.
Stablecoin
A stablecoin is a cryptocurrency engineered to maintain a stable price by pegging its value to a reference asset, most commonly a fiat currency.
USDT
USDT (Tether) is a US-dollar-pegged stablecoin issued by Tether across multiple blockchains and backed by reserves.
USDC
USDC (USD Coin) is a US-dollar-pegged stablecoin issued by Circle and backed by cash and short-term reserves.
Deposit sweep
A deposit sweep is the automated transfer of funds from individual deposit addresses into a central collection or treasury wallet.
Hot wallet
A hot wallet is a wallet whose private keys are kept on an online system so it can sign and send transactions on demand.
Cold wallet
A cold wallet is a wallet whose private keys are held offline, isolating them from internet-based attacks.
Transaction broadcast
Transaction broadcast is the act of submitting a signed transaction to a blockchain node so it propagates to the network for inclusion in a block.
Signing key
A signing key is the private key a wallet uses to cryptographically sign transactions, proving authorization to spend its funds.
Spot price
A spot price is the current market price at which a cryptocurrency can be bought or sold for immediate settlement.
TWAP (Time-Weighted Average Price)
Time-Weighted Average Price (TWAP) is the average price of an asset over a defined period, weighting each time interval equally regardless of volume.
VWAP (Volume-Weighted Average Price)
Volume-Weighted Average Price (VWAP) is the average price of an asset over a period, weighted by the volume traded at each price level.
Market capitalization
Market capitalization is the total value of a cryptocurrency's circulating supply, calculated as circulating supply multiplied by the current price.
Fully Diluted Valuation (FDV)
Fully Diluted Valuation (FDV) is the theoretical market cap of a token if its entire maximum or total supply were in circulation at the current price.
Liquidity
Liquidity is the degree to which an asset can be bought or sold quickly and near its current price without causing a significant price change.
Price oracle
A price oracle is a mechanism that delivers off-chain or aggregated price data on-chain so that smart contracts can act on asset prices.
DeFi (Decentralized Finance)
Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is the set of financial applications built on public blockchains that run through smart contracts rather than centralized intermediaries.
TVL (Total Value Locked)
Total Value Locked (TVL) is the aggregate value of all assets deposited in a DeFi protocol's smart contracts, measured at current prices.
Liquidity pool
A liquidity pool is a smart contract holding reserves of tokens that traders swap against, providing the liquidity for a decentralized exchange.
AMM (Automated Market Maker)
An Automated Market Maker (AMM) is a decentralized exchange mechanism that prices trades algorithmically from the reserves in a liquidity pool rather than matching orders.
Yield farming
Yield farming is the practice of depositing crypto assets into DeFi protocols to earn returns from trading fees, lending interest, or token incentives.
Staking
Staking is the act of locking up cryptocurrency to support the operation or security of a proof-of-stake network or protocol, in exchange for rewards.
Slippage
Slippage is the difference between the expected price of a trade and the price at which it is actually executed.
DEX (Decentralized Exchange)
A Decentralized Exchange (DEX) is a trading venue built on smart contracts where users swap tokens peer-to-contract without surrendering custody to an intermediary.
CEX (Centralized Exchange)
A Centralized Exchange (CEX) is a company-operated crypto trading platform that custodies user funds and matches orders on an internal, off-chain order book.
NFT (Non-Fungible Token)
A Non-Fungible Token (NFT) is a blockchain token that represents ownership of a unique item, where each token is distinct and cannot be exchanged one-for-one with another.
Token metadata
Token metadata is the set of descriptive attributes for a crypto token, such as its name, symbol, decimals, supply, and contract address.
Circulating supply
Circulating supply is the amount of a cryptocurrency's tokens that are currently in public hands and available to trade, excluding locked or unissued tokens.
Trading volume
Trading volume is the total quantity of an asset bought and sold over a given period across the markets being measured.
Candlestick
A candlestick is a chart representation of price movement over a single interval, showing the open, high, low, and close values for that period.
Order book
An order book is a real-time list of outstanding buy and sell orders for an asset, organized by price level, that a matching engine uses to pair trades.